Aujourd\u2019hui en France, les modalit\u00e9s de d\u00e9termination de l\u2019\u00e2ge du mineur \u00e9tranger non accompagn\u00e9 constituent un d\u00e9dale normatif et institutionnel dans lequel il devient impossible de s\u2019y retrouver tant l\u2019architecture d\u2019ensemble n\u2019est autre qu\u2019une embarcation de fortune qui surnage dans un oc\u00e9an migratoire toujours plus vaste et agit\u00e9.
Pourtant les enjeux sont lourds de cons\u00e9quences pour les jeunes migrants qui arrivent sur le territoire national et qui n\u00e9cessitent une prise en charge et des soins. Pour b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de ce dispositif d\u2019accueil, il ne suffit pas aujourd\u2019hui de se revendiquer mineur, encore faut-il le prouver. Avoir le \u00ab bon \u00bb \u00e2ge devient alors un enjeu de survie. Ici la minorit\u00e9 n\u2019est plus seulement une donn\u00e9e chronologique, elle devient un objet de discussions et de suspicions, n\u00e9cessitant de collecter des preuves \u00e0 son appui susceptibles \u00e0 leur tour d\u2019\u00eatre r\u00e9fut\u00e9es. Or le processus actuel peine \u00e0 obtenir des r\u00e9sultats satisfaisants aptes \u00e0 garantir la protection de tous ceux qui en sont l\u00e9gitimement b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires, c’est-\u00e0-dire ceux qui sont effectivement mineurs.
Il est donc n\u00e9cessaire de repenser le syst\u00e8me actuel et proposer un dispositif qui r\u00e9ponde aux objectifs de r\u00e9gulation des flux migratoires tout en garantissant le respect de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat sup\u00e9rieur de l\u2019enfant tel qu\u2019il est consacr\u00e9 non seulement par le Conseil constitutionnel mais aussi par nombres d\u2019instances internationales comme le Conseil de l\u2019Europe, la Cour europ\u00e9enne des droits de l’homme ou encore le Comit\u00e9 des droits de l\u2019enfant des Nations unies.
Pour cela, une double m\u00e9thode de r\u00e9flexion a \u00e9t\u00e9 mobilis\u00e9e. Une \u00e9tude empirique a \u00e9t\u00e9 conduite au travers d\u2019une enqu\u00eate de terrain aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019ensemble des acteurs qui sont en lien avec les mineurs \u00e9trangers non accompagn\u00e9s (\u00e9valuateurs, associations, avocats, magistrats, D\u00e9fenseur des droits\u2026). Cette \u00e9tude a \u00e9t\u00e9 coupl\u00e9e \u00e0 une r\u00e9flexion compar\u00e9e avec l\u2019Italie et l\u2019Espagne, afin de mettre en perspective le syst\u00e8me fran\u00e7ais par rapport \u00e0 d\u2019autres modalit\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9valuation et leur mani\u00e8re d\u2019envisager le recours aux examens m\u00e9dicaux aux fins de d\u00e9termination de l\u2019\u00e2ge.
Le r\u00e9sultat s\u2019affiche comme un instrument rationalis\u00e9 et praticable. Reposant sur une double pr\u00e9somption de minorit\u00e9 et d\u2019authenticit\u00e9 des documents d\u2019identit\u00e9, il s\u2019articule autour de crit\u00e8res prioritaires et hi\u00e9rarchis\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9valuation que sont les documents d\u2019identit\u00e9 et le rapport produit \u00e0 l\u2019issue de l\u2019entretien. Le choix a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait de positionner la preuve m\u00e9dicale \u00e0 un rang secondaire dans la perspective de l\u2019extraire, \u00e0 terme, purement et simplement du dispositif du fait de son caract\u00e8re manifestement inop\u00e9rant. Cela permettra de garantir pleinement \u00e0 chaque mineur \u00e9tranger non accompagn\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9, sans arbitraire, dans le respect de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat sup\u00e9rieur de l\u2019enfant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Today in France, the procedures for determining the age of unaccompanied foreign minors form a complex normative and institutional maze in which it has become nearly impossible to navigate, as the overall structure resembles little more than a makeshift vessel struggling to stay afloat in an ever-expanding and turbulent sea of migration.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yet the stakes are extremely high for young migrants arriving on national territory, who require care and protection. To benefit from the reception system, it is no longer sufficient to claim to be a minor; one must prove it. Having the \u201cright\u201d age thus becomes a matter of survival. Here, minority is no longer merely a chronological fact; it becomes an object of debate and suspicion, requiring the collection of evidence that may itself be challenged. However, the current process struggles to produce satisfactory results capable of guaranteeing protection for all those who are legitimately entitled to it\u2014namely, those who are in fact minors.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n It is therefore necessary to rethink the current system and propose a framework that meets the objectives of regulating migration flows while ensuring respect for the best interests of the child, as enshrined not only by the Constitutional Council but also by numerous international bodies such as the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights, and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n To this end, a dual methodological approach was adopted. An empirical study was conducted through fieldwork involving all stakeholders interacting with unaccompanied foreign minors (assessors, NGOs, lawyers, judges, the Defender of Rights, etc.). This study was combined with a comparative analysis of Italy and Spain, in order to situate the French system in relation to other assessment methods and their approaches to the use of medical examinations for age determination.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n The outcome is presented as a rationalized and practical tool. Based on a dual presumption of minority and of the authenticity of identity documents, it is structured around prioritized and hierarchical assessment criteria, namely identity documents and the report produced following the interview. The decision was made to assign medical evidence a secondary role, with a view to ultimately removing it entirely from the system, given its manifest lack of effectiveness. This would ensure that every unaccompanied foreign minor is assessed without arbitrariness and in full respect of the best interests of the child.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","disciplines":[114,115],"collections":[119],"publication_tag":[2832,2831,2833,2830,2829,2828],"auteurs":[2825],"class_list":["post-10081","publications","type-publications","status-publish","hentry","disciplines-droit","disciplines-sociologie","collections-rapports-de-recherche","publication_tag-assessment-method","publication_tag-best-interests-of-the-child","publication_tag-comparative-law","publication_tag-droit-compare","publication_tag-interet-superieur-de-lenfant","publication_tag-mineur-etranger-non-accompagne","auteurs-fanny-jacquelot"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n