{"id":15649,"date":"2025-02-17T09:02:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-17T08:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/institutrobertbadinter.fr\/fr\/?post_type=publications&p=15649"},"modified":"2025-04-28T10:35:41","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T08:35:41","slug":"pratiques-et-principes-de-lenquete-penale-a-lepreuve-des-nouvelles-technologies-dinvestigation-et-de-surveillance","status":"publish","type":"publications","link":"https:\/\/institutrobertbadinter.fr\/en\/publications\/pratiques-et-principes-de-lenquete-penale-a-lepreuve-des-nouvelles-technologies-dinvestigation-et-de-surveillance\/","title":{"rendered":"Pratiques et principes de l\u2019enqu\u00eate p\u00e9nale \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve des nouvelles technologies d\u2019investigation et de surveillance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A l\u2019origine de la recherche, on trouve la tentative du l\u00e9gislateur de syst\u00e9matiser l\u2019encadrement des nouvelles technologies d\u2019investigation et de surveillance (NTIS) dans le contexte de l\u2019enqu\u00eate p\u00e9nale par l\u2019\u00e9laboration de la cat\u00e9gorie des \u00ab autres techniques sp\u00e9ciales d\u2019enqu\u00eate \u00bb de l\u2019article 706-95-11 du Code de proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale. Pourtant, en tirant ce mince fil, est d\u2019embl\u00e9e apparu un double obstacle : la cat\u00e9gorie ne couvre pas toutes les mesures qui pourraient \u00eatre qualifi\u00e9es de NTIS ; elle ne prend pas en compte le  fait que ces technologies sont \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur de la proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale, \u00e0 des fins de protection de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour aborder cet objet fuyant, il convenait de se fixer des objectifs modestes : saisir les ressorts de la construction de la cat\u00e9gorie dans ce maquis de textes d\u2019origine et de nature diverses qu\u2019est devenue la proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale, interroger les acteurs qui, tout au long de la proc\u00e9dure qui fait vivre les textes, s\u2019y confrontent ; mesurer les innovations et les continuit\u00e9s avec les techniques plus traditionnelles d\u2019enqu\u00eate ; appr\u00e9cier une \u00e9ventuelle distorsion entre les nouvelles technologies d\u2019investigation et de surveillance et les grands principes qui gouvernent la proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale. Rapidement il est apparu que les usages<\/p>\n\n\n\n

comme les normes relatives aux nouvelles technologies d\u2019investigation et de surveillance sont \u00e0 la fois r\u00e9v\u00e9lateurs et moteurs de mutations profondes qui affectent l\u2019enqu\u00eate p\u00e9nale depuis une trentaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es, qui plus est dans un monde pris dans le tourbillon de la production, de la conservation et de l\u2019utilisation des \u00ab donn\u00e9es \u00bb (data) et dans la dynamique d\u2019une surveillance toujours plus pouss\u00e9e. Replac\u00e9es dans ce contexte, les nouvelles technologies, utilis\u00e9es sous la forme actuelle ou sous une autre, ne pourraient-elles pas permettre de faire levier entre les pratiques polymorphes et mouvantes de<\/p>\n\n\n\n

l\u2019enqu\u00eate et les principes de la proc\u00e9dure qui ont vocation \u00e0 la stabilit\u00e9 et la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9 ? C\u2019est \u00e0 cette question que r\u00e9pond le rapport qui examine successivement les usages dont font l\u2019objet les NTIS, les normes qui les encadrent puis les perspectives qu\u2019ouvre la confrontation des usages et des normes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il en r\u00e9sulte que les acteurs de la proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale se sont r\u00e9solument empar\u00e9s des nouvelles technologies d\u2019investigation et de surveillance, qu\u2019ils les mettent en \u0153uvre avec un grand s\u00e9rieux et, partant, beaucoup de questionnements, que les NTIS mettent en lumi\u00e8re plus que jamais le besoin de coop\u00e9ration entre les acteurs de la cha\u00eene p\u00e9nale, que les normes en la mati\u00e8re sont touffues et que les NTIS sont loin d\u2019ob\u00e9ir \u00e0 un r\u00e9gime unique et homog\u00e8ne. Au final, la construction de la preuve p\u00e9nale, qui est le but du recours aux NTIS, appara\u00eet largement impr\u00e9gn\u00e9e par le droit des donn\u00e9es personnelles. Trois phases se d\u00e9gagent : la conservation qui commande la disponibilit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es potentiellement susceptibles de constituer des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de preuve, l\u2019acc\u00e8s qui d\u00e9termine leur mise \u00e0 disposition, leur recueil et la phase d\u2019exploitation qui conditionnent leur utilisation \u00e8s-qualit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

> La recherche a permis l’\u00e9laboration de trois outils : une Synth\u00e8se comparative des mesures et un Glossaire (propos\u00e9s annexes du rapport final) ainsi qu’une Cartographie dynamique des acteurs du recueil et de l’administration du renseignement et de la preuve num\u00e9rique (consultable en ligne \u00e0 l’adresse suivante : https:\/\/miro.com\/welcomeonboard\/T3AwZllmeUNjYUNPdE5qVXY0WE96bHRLaFRGZTJjNHBUVFA5UEM5SFNNZDhPY25UN0VVY3RIalF1RmZlRXFQcnwzNDU4NzY0NTU3NjM5MjkwMTI3fDI=?share_link_id=44640732862<\/a>)<\/span>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette recherche est issue de l\u2019appel \u00e0 projet lanc\u00e9 en 2019 dans le th\u00e8me : Droit(s), justice et num\u00e9rique : L\u2019appr\u00e9hension des nouvelles technologies d\u2019investigation et de surveillance par la proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

20.48_ENQUETE_PENALE_synthese<\/a>T\u00e9l\u00e9charger<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
20.48_ENQUETE_PENALE_rapport<\/a>T\u00e9l\u00e9charger<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
English version below \/ R\u00e9sum\u00e9 en anglais <\/summary>\n

This research was prompted by the legislator’s attempt to systematise the use of new investigation and surveillance technologies (NIST) in the context of criminal investigations by creating the category of “other special investigation techniques” in Article 706-95-11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. However, in drawing this thin line, a twofold obstacle immediately became apparent: the category does not cover all the measures that could be described as NIST; it does not take into account the fact that these technologies are also used outside criminal proceedings, for the purposes of protecting national security. In order to tackle this elusive subject, we had to set ourselves some modest objectives: to grasp how the category was constructed in the thicket of texts of varying origin and nature that criminal procedure has become; to question the players who, throughout the procedure that brings the texts to life, come into contact with them; to measure the innovations and continuities with the more traditional investigation techniques; to assess any distortion between the new investigation and surveillance technologies and the major principles governing criminal procedure. It quickly became apparent that the uses and standards of new investigative and surveillance technologies are both indicative of and driving forces behind the profound changes that have been affecting criminal investigations for the past thirty years, especially in a world caught up in the whirlwind of data production, storage and use, and in the dynamics of ever- increasing surveillance. Placed in this context, might not the new technologies, used in their current form or in some other way, provide a lever between the polymorphous and shifting practices of investigation and the principles of procedure, which are intended to be stable and general? This is the question addressed in the report, which successively examines the uses to which NIST are put, the standards that govern them, and the prospects opened up by the comparison of uses and standards. The result is that those involved in criminal proceedings have resolutely seized upon the new investigation and surveillance technologies, that they are implementing them with great seriousness and, consequently, with a great deal of questioning, that NIST are highlighting more than ever the need for cooperation between those involved in the criminal justice system, that the standards in this area are patchy and that NIST are far from being subject to a single, uniform regime. Ultimately, the construction of criminal evidence, which is the purpose of using NIST, appears to be largely impregnated by personal data law. Three phases stand out: storage, which requires the availability of data that could potentially constitute evidence; access, which determines the availability and collection of such data; and the exploitation phase, which determines the use of such data.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

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