{"id":2304,"date":"2019-04-26T02:02:00","date_gmt":"2019-04-26T00:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/institutrobertbadinter.fr\/fr\/?post_type=publications&p=2304"},"modified":"2025-08-06T14:11:52","modified_gmt":"2025-08-06T12:11:52","slug":"lechelle-de-communalite","status":"publish","type":"publications","link":"https:\/\/institutrobertbadinter.fr\/fr\/publications\/lechelle-de-communalite\/","title":{"rendered":"L’\u00e9chelle de communalit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
17.34_synth\u00e8se<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
17.34_rapport<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le travail de recherche, dont le rapport pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 ici est le fruit, a eu pour objet, non pas de reprendre la description ou l\u2019identification des diverses notions peuplant la galaxie des communs \u2013 biens communs, patrimoines communs, choses communes ou encore communs et commun (pluriel ou singulier)\u2013, mais davantage d\u2019\u00e9valuer et de renforcer, via des propositions d\u2019interpr\u00e9tations nouvelles, de r\u00e9formes de textes existants, voire d\u2019introduction de dispositions in\u00e9dites, le degr\u00e9 de \u00ab communalit\u00e9 \u00bb de certains agencements juridiques autour de biens ou de choses, que ces derniers rel\u00e8vent des sph\u00e8res environnementale, culturelle ou d\u2019autres univers ; qu\u2019ils soient mat\u00e9riels ou immat\u00e9riels ; appropri\u00e9s ou non. On s\u2019est en effet habitu\u00e9 \u00e0 saisir nos rapports aux choses par le biais de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u2014 con\u00e7u comme \u00ab le propre \u00bb \u2014 en d\u00e9laissant la part \u00ab commune \u00bb qu\u2019ils pouvaient receler. Or, ils peuvent faire une place \u00e0 des affectations \u00e0 un int\u00e9r\u00eat commun socialement et juridiquement d\u00e9fini et prot\u00e9g\u00e9, au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de communaut\u00e9s b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires (attributaires de l\u2019usage de la chose ou de sa pr\u00e9servation, d\u00e9lib\u00e9ratives ou de contr\u00f4le). Dans un premier temps, conceptuel, le rapport d\u00e9finit ainsi la \u00ab communalit\u00e9 \u00bb dont il est question sur le fondement de deux crit\u00e8res \u2014 l\u2019affectation \u00e0 un int\u00e9r\u00eat commun et l\u2019inclusivit\u00e9 (l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 d\u2019exclure autrui) \u2014, son rapport \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9, priv\u00e9e comme publique, et se justifie sur l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019outil de mesure que constitue l\u2019\u00ab \u00e9chelle de communalit\u00e9 \u00bb. Il \u00e9claire \u00e9galement les approches pluridisciplinaires et de droit compar\u00e9 qui ont permis de b\u00e2tir et de mettre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve les propositions avanc\u00e9es (Partie 1). Dans un second temps, le rapport pr\u00e9sente des propositions de r\u00e9formes (Partie 2 et Annexe pour les propositions d\u2019articles), selon deux volets.
Tout d\u2019abord, il avance les qualifications propres \u00e0 porter la communalit\u00e9. Celles-ci vont de la figure qui exprimerait le degr\u00e9 minimal de communalit\u00e9 sous la forme d\u2019un r\u00e9gime primaire, soit le patrimoine commun (Section 1), \u00e0 celle qui, particuli\u00e8re, porterait insistance sur l\u2019usage commun et la mise \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cart de l\u2019appropriation, soit la chose commune (Section 2). Il scrute \u00e9galement les r\u00e9orientations qui pourraient \u00eatre propos\u00e9es pour les biens publics (Section 3), sans oublier les diverses techniques d\u2019affectation volontaire qui pourraient \u00eatre orient\u00e9es vers la garantie de la poursuite d\u2019un int\u00e9r\u00eat commun, voire d\u2019une inclusivit\u00e9 (Section 4). Pour chacune de ces institutions, des propositions de r\u00e9formes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales sont avanc\u00e9es, assises sur l\u2019histoire de la notion, sa d\u00e9finition et son r\u00e9gime actuel ainsi que l\u2019identification de ses d\u00e9ficits. Des rapports sp\u00e9ciaux tracent ensuite les implications de ces propositions de changements sur des domaines ou objets particuliers, en suivant ces m\u00eames \u00e9tapes. Ensuite, dans un second volet, le rapport d\u00e9gage ce que la perspective impliquerait en termes de reconnaissance de pr\u00e9rogatives de communalit\u00e9. Au-del\u00e0 de la d\u00e9fense de droits subjectifs connus, dont certains fondamentaux, elle pourrait impliquer de consacrer des int\u00e9r\u00eats juridiquement prot\u00e9g\u00e9s de type nouveau, notamment des int\u00e9r\u00eats diffus, mais aussi de revisiter les modes de gouvernement des choses teint\u00e9es de communalit\u00e9 en d\u00e9clinant en ce sens des droits d\u2019information, de participation, de co-d\u00e9cision et d\u2019agir en justice (Titre 2).
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

English version below \/ R\u00e9sum\u00e9 en anglais<\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

The research work, of which the report presented here is the fruit, did not aim to reiterate the description or identification of the various notions that populate the galaxy of the commons – property, patrimony, private common, public common – but rather to evaluate and reinforce, via proposals for new interpretations, reforms of existing texts, or even the introduction of new provisions, the degree of \u00ab\u00a0communality\u00a0\u00bb of certain legal arrangements around goods or things, whether these belong to the environmental, cultural or other spheres; whether they are material or immaterial; appropriated or not. We have indeed become accustomed to grasping our relationships to things through the medium of property – conceived as \u00ab\u00a0the proper\u00a0\u00bb – while neglecting the \u00ab\u00a0common\u00a0\u00bb part that they may conceal. However, they can make room for assignments to a common interest that is socially and legally defined and protected, for the benefit of beneficiary communities (those who are entitled to the use of the thing or to its preservation, deliberative or controlling). In the first, conceptual stage, the report defines the \u00ab\u00a0communality\u00a0\u00bb in question on the basis of two criteria – assignment to a common interest and inclusiveness (the impossibility of excluding others) – and its relationship to property, both private and public, and justifies the use of the \u00ab\u00a0scale of communality\u00a0\u00bb as a measurement tool. It also sheds light on the multidisciplinary and comparative law approaches that have made it possible to construct and test the proposals put forward (Part 1). Secondly, the report presents proposals for reform (Part 2 and Appendix for the proposed articles), in two parts.
First, it puts forward the qualifications for communality. These range from the figure that would express the minimal degree of communality in the form of a primary regime, i.e., the common patrimony (Section 1), to the one that, in a particular way, would emphasize common use and the setting aside of appropriation, i.e., the common (Section 2). It also examines the reorientations that could be proposed for public common (Section 3), without forgetting the various techniques of voluntary appropriation that could be oriented towards guaranteeing the pursuit of a common interest, even inclusiveness (Section 4). For each of these institutions, general reform proposals are put forward, based on the history of the concept, its definition and current regime, and the identification of its deficits. Special reports then outline the implications of these proposed changes for particular areas or objects, following these same steps. Then, in a second section, the report identifies what the perspective would imply in terms of recognition of prerogatives of communality. Beyond the defense of known subjective rights, some of which are fundamental, it could imply the consecration of legally protected interests of a new type, in particular diffuse interests, but also the revisiting of the modes of government of things tinged with communality by declining in this sense the rights of information, of participation, of co-decision and of legal action (Title 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette recherche est issue de l’appel \u00e0 projet sur le th\u00e8me : Le(s) bien(s) commun(s)<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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